Re-introducing thought into the digital age

Finding Photographic Inspiration - from time to time, as photographers we need to think outside of the box to find inspiration or simple ideas for a good shot/technique. Here I've compiled a few suggestions to help think outside the norm and really re-introduce some though back into digital photography !

1.Fixed Focal Length - we have all become to used to the zoom, try to limited yourself to using a fixed focal length lens for a time- it'll really make you think about what your shooting and how. Try one length for a certain period then move onto the next and shoot only with that !

2.Limit yourself to an aperture - either shoot wide open or virtually shut, but again it'll really help you think what works in that particular aperture and what doesn't. It might alos throw up a few nice surprises !

3.1 roll rule - okay most of us use digital these day, but limit yourself to 36 shots - again we have got used to shooting from the hip - this will help you stop and think about how you REALLY want to shoot something !

The 3 ideas above are all really simple but aimed at bringing CRITICAL THOUGHT back into the digital age of Photography and at the same time will cut down on the bain of the digital age - the amount of time we all seem to spend in post processing !

Techniques to ensure you get a pin sharp image

One of the main differences between an amatuer and a Pro, is the regularity that a pro produces pin sharp images and the often unnerving way an amateur misses the mark with such enthusiasm. Here are 5 ways you can improve your photos, so you can look like you know what the heck you're doing:

1. Use a Tripod – The #1 reason 
The tripod isn’t just for low light situations. Pros will use a tripod even in daylight! The tripod’s main duty is to keep the camera stead. No camera shake, means the absence of unwanted blur. It is more work, but it’s worth the extra effort. If you’re in a setting where they don’t allow tripods, or at an event where using a tripod would mean you might miss the action, use a monopod. A monopod is also a sneaky way to get past the signs that say “no tripods”. If someone stops you, just say, “it’s a monopod,” and they’ll look at you totally stumped.
Don’t buy a cheap tripod either. They just don’t do a good job keeping the camera steady (that’s why they’re cheap, you know). If you buy a pro-quality tripod, they can range from $100 to more than $700. One thing to keep in mind is to get a ballhead when you buy your tripod. They cost anywhere from $100 to more than $400, but they will make your life so much easier.
2. Use a Cable Release or the Self Timer
When you press down on the shutter, it causes the camera to move — ever so slightly. It’s the sort of thing you might not notice when you’re taking the photo, but when you bring the photo onto your computer and zoom, it’s one of those things that makes the difference between the ultimate sharp photo.
A cable release is a cable that attaches to your digital camera (most dSLR’s) and has a button at the end of it. Your camera might also support a wireless remote.
If you don’t want to buy a cable release or wireless remote, you can also use your camera’s Self Timer. You will have to wait 2 to 20 seconds, depending on for what you set your camera, but the good news is, you don’t have to touch your shutter and no camera shake! And voila – your photos are more sharp!
3. Lock the Mirror
When I found out about this for the first time, I was like, you gotta be kidding me. Who knew?
It’s called Exposure Delay on a Nikon or a Mirror Lockup on a Canon. You’ll need to find out where this control is on your camera (err, check your manual). What does it do? It locks your mirror to the up position, so when you take a shot the mirror doesn’t move when the exposure is made. It helps get you closer to the sharpness perfection.

4. Turn off Image Stabilization (IS on a Canon) or Vibration Reduction (VR on a Nikon)
If you have an IS Canon Lens or a VR Nikon Lens, turn off the function. It sounds counter intuative, but you’ll only want to use it when you’re in really low-light situations when you need to hand-hold your camera. (Remember wherever possible use that tripod or monopod). But if you’re not hand-holding your camera in low-light, turn off that IS or VR. These lenses look for a small vibration so they can fix it. If they don’t feel a vibration, they can cause a little vibration. So for the sharpest photos, turn it off when you can.

5. Don’t Increase Your ISO.
If you can help it, don’t increase your ISO. Sometimes you do need it when you’re hand-holding in low light. But if you’re shooting on a tripod, keep your ISO at the lowest setting (100 or 200). The reason is, ISO adds noise… And noise equals the opposite of sharpness. You might not notice it if you’re placing your photos on a website where the resolution is 72dpi, but if you enlarge your photo or zoom in on your computer, you will be able to tell.

Even in daylight use a tripod where you can !

Happy and (more) sharp shooting !

Tips for Better Portrait shots

We all love to see a great photo of a friend or family member, especially if we have taken it ourselves, but all too often we end up disappointed because the image that we often end up with is not the image we had in mind when we pressed the shutter release !

Here are some basic tips to help you improve your hit rate and get closer to the image you want !

1. Get to know the person you are taking a photo of to help bring through their personality in the picture you take, ( obviously if you know the person already - you have a headstart).

2. Look at what direction the available light is coming from and what effect this has one the subjects face . It is common practice not to shoot a portrait into the light ( ie with the subjects back to the sun), but I have found that if you use a fill in flash or reflector to bounce light back into the subjects face, you get a lovely portrait and the sun behind the subject adds a lovely rim light to the subjects hair.

Photo shot with light behind the subjects

3. When you look to take the image have a good look around the frame of the photograph, are there any unsightly additions to the picture in the backgrounds ( rubbish bins, washing on the line in the garden etc)if so then reframe up - move the subject around or move the offending items until you get a pleasing background.

4. Engage your subject in conversation to help ease any tensions, even if you know the person very well, it always pays dividends to take the focus of the fact that your are about to take their picture. A relaxed and happy subject makes for a much better picture.

5.Depending on what type of camera you have, you can experiment with depth of field.  A nice shallow depth of field really focuses the viewers eyes onto the area of the photograph you want them to. With portrait ( as with any genre of photography) you have the freedom to decide how you want to photograph a subject, but as a general rule o thumb a subjects eyes should always be in sharp focus ( even if their hair of side of the face is starting to blur because of a very shallow depth of field).

Shallow depth of field but eyes are still sharp

Get out there are experiment with your photography, try using the techniques I have mentioned above, watch your images get better and above all enjoy !

Getting Creative when the Weather turns Monsoonal !

As of late the weather is Sydney has been , well pretty dismal...( and I'm from the UK ). Not the best of times to get out and about with your camera, but fear not -here are some ideas to get your creative juices flowing, keep you shooting and increase your skills into the bargain !

1. Practice your Portrait skills on whichever family member is around at the time - if your not lucky enough to have studio lighting then use whatever available light there is - sit your "model" near the window and start snapping away ! Home Alone ?  - Im sure the cat would throw a few poses for you!

2. Macro photography. From flowers to coins to stamps, you can polish your skills at close-up photography and capture some really detailed images. Often a macro lens or close-up attachment will help. 

"You pointing that Camera at me again" ???

3. Lighting - use whatever lights you have around the house , from spotlights to ordinary lamps. Put these into various positons around your still life subject ( ie The ubiquitous bowl of fruit) and you'll be amazed at the outcomes you can achieve just by playing with the light direction.

4. Get Arty - take some everyday shots of items/people around the home and then get busy in Photoshop making some abstract images from everyday items - you'll have great fun and hone your "shop" skills at the same time.

5. Let the rain be your friend - try shooting images through rain streaked window pains, especially if there is some external light to distort with the shot. Or if you dare to take your beloved Canon out into the elements then there are a myriad of shots to be had - from rain soaked plants with fresh water droplets to reflections of buildings in still puddles. ( I would recommend at least putting your camera in a plastic bag and making a hole for the lens to poke through - although not perfect will at least afford your camera some protection against the elements).

Making your clients and prospects feel appreciated ! ( non-industry specific)

Lets face it, we are in business to make money...plain and simple, yes some of us are lucky enough to work in a industry that we love, but at the end of the day we need to be able to make money at what we do.Unfortunately too many businesses let the dollar signs in their eyes dictate their behaviour towards the most important part of any business, the client. Often treating clients and prospects as a dollar value, not only is this type of behaviour down right rude, but it also happens to be very short sighted indeed. 

A delighted customer is a customer that will readily talk up the virtues of your business to all who will listen and as we all know a personal recommendation is the best type of referral. But, in the same breath a customer that finds dealing with you and your business to be an unpleasant experience, will be sure to warn their friends and family to give your business a wide berth. 

So how do we as business owners go about making sure that ALL our clients fall into that first category:

Well it is not that difficult really, by following a few simple ground rules, based on nothing more esoteric than common sense you can ensure that your clients experience is a happy one:

1. Do what you say you will when you will

In most of my experiences with so called customer service departments of many businesses, this seems to be somewhat of a lost art. Time after time I have been assured that I will receive a call back or an e mail, but in the vast majority of cases I find that I am the one having to do the chasing. This leaves any client feeling unappreciated and unwanted. Rule No1. Always, always, always keep the client in the loop - even if you don't have an answer for them, call them to let them know that. The client will appreciate being kept informed and will feel valuable.

2. Listen to the client, no really....LISTEN

Yes, you do know more about your business and your products/services than anyone else, but that doesn't give you carte blanche to steam roller clients. Before you do anything listen, really listen to what the clients needs are, then suggest a number of options and discuss the pros and cons with the client. This way they feel a greater part of the decision making process and buy into the whole idea on a deeper level, which can only be good for the likelihood of up selling or repeat business.  Selling something to a client that doesn't really solve their need will leave them feeling shortchanged and rather flat, as you drive off into the distance on your self importance powered steam roller !

3. Consult

During the whole process, especially if their are any changes, even minor ones, always consult with the client, dont just think that something is too small to bother with, you never know how much a client may love a particular aspect that you might overlook. So to make sure that there are no nasty surprises, always discuss any changes with the clients and again it makes the client feel part of the process and that they are actually "the client" not just the paycheque at the end of the transaction.

4. Outperform

Go the extra mile, do something that will make the clients remember your business for the right reasons. Wether it be simply producing the best result for the client, beyond their expectations. Small additional gifts in addition to what the client has ordered, conveys a message to the client of appreciation and value, way beyond the nominal cost of the item.

5. Follow - Up.

When everything is signed, sealed and delivered, follow up with the client to make sure that they are happy with everything- even  just a simple " how are you going?" phone call. Even better a call followed by a feedback questionnaire, this maintains the relationship with the client beyond the simple transaction and lets them know that you value how they feel they have been treat during your relationship, but also that you value their thoughts on how you can improve/do better in future. Yes, this does open you up to scrutiny and at times you will need a thick skin, but all feedback ( as long as it's constructive), is positive. Further more you can even drop a few business cards or discount vouchers for your clients to give to friends/family they think will benefit from your business - generating more business in the best possible way.

As you can see the above is mostly based around communication, keeping the clients informed and part of the process makes them feel valuable and appreciated and likely to shout about you and your business from the treetops.

Upskilling for Modern day Photography

With the advancement of the digital age and nearly every person carrying some form of camera ( via mobile phone), the world is awash with imagery. Some of it good and some of it awful. The skills set needed to improve your photography has changed so much since the days of film, some of the basics remain the same but as you will see below some of them rules of engagement have moved on !

1. Post Production

Hone your ‘developing’ skills to where you can take an image and get the very best out of it in your digital darkroom. This is a vital capability whether you want to be primarily a ‘photographer’ or an ‘image-maker’ and allows you to take greater control over your work so it’s the very best that it can be. This means choosing a solid piece of editing software and learning how to use it to its full potential. It doesn’t mean buy the most expensive thing and learn that – you have to choose something that best suits your interests and needs.

2. Knowing the basics 

You need to know composition, exposure and how to utilise your camera to get the most out of it. It doesn’t matter much what camera you’re using, if you don’t really know how to point it then you’re going to struggle to get anything good out of it. Know your manual and what your camera can (and can’t) do. Study and understand phenomena like depth of field, focal planes and shutter speeds.

3. Diversify

It’s easy to get stuck in a rut taking the same kind of shots and processing them in the same way over and over again. Or just adopting one set of tools and failing to implement new ones as and when they become available. Developing your work means that you do need to develop the way you work. This means being conscious of issues such as workflow and how they impact on your ability to produce good images. 

4. Learn from others work

Spend time every day looking at the work of others, thinking about how they created a specific look or effect and work out how you could replicate it. An important tool for the modern photographer is networking with other photographers on-line or in real life. On-line communities such as Facebook, Twitter and Flickr are a great way to get your work ‘out there’ but are an even better resource for inspiration and discussion.  In real life, you should check out your local camera club or photo-walk group. Interacting with other photographers in the flesh is a great way to learn new things and increase your engagement with photography overall, it might give you access to new shooting opportunities and equipment and will certainly challenge the way you see your own photography.

5. Get out there

You can read all the books, internet sites or magazine articles you like but there’s no substitute for actually picking up your camera and using it. Passion for photography comes from the feeling of having created something unique and interesting with your camera. There is just no substitute for picking your camera up and pointing it at things in earnest and ideally, you should be using your camera as a portal to show others something you yourself passionate about. Having the ability to show something you love in a new and visually exciting way onlycomes with practice and thus practice is the thing that more that anything else will make your photographs stand out from the crowd.

Studying the Light to ramp up your Photographs

The study of light is so important if you want to learn to take great photographs. Without light there can be no photos so it only makes sense that we learn about its characteristics and how different light can affect the look of your photos.

By studying light before you take a shot you can determine what sort of mood your photo is going to capture. If the light is a beautiful golden colour then your photo will have a really warm summer feel to it. Similarly if the light is dark then the photo will probably have a cold and forboding look to it.

Strong Backlight adds lovely countour glow

So if light is so important to the feel and look of our photographs why do people pay so little attention to it when they are first starting out? Studying the light and what its doing well before taking your photo is probably one of the most important  photography tips that you can learn when taking your first photos.

In fact its so important that you should probably head down to a favourite spot that you shoot over a few days and just watch what the light is doing. Where are the shadows falling and at what time? Is the spot that you want to shoot going to be better as a sunrise shot or a sunset shot?

What other factors should you be looking for when looking at the light? How do clouds affect the light in the area that you are trying to shot? Quite often light that makes it through the clouds is really soft and diffused and really enhances colours dramatically.

When taking your photos and when you edit them afterwards you should always be conscious of the fact that a persons eye will always be drawn to the brightest part of the image. Knowing just this one simple tip will help your photography out tenfold. Next time you're out taking photographs think about where you want the brightest part of the image to be and see what a difference it makes.

The soft light highlights the subjects face

After being drawn to bright spots your eye will next be drawn to warmer colours. Your eyes will be drawn to oranges and yellows before it will be drawn to blues and greens.

Lastly, remember when taking the photo you're trying to capture a moment, not just a photo. You want people to feel what you felt when you took the photo. You're trying to convey to them what inspired you to take that photo at that particular time. What I do now when I see a scene that I like is turn away, then look back and see what my eye falls on straight away, or think what attracts me about this scene. Once I have worked that out I start to use my knowledge of light to try and enhance the scene and produce a stunning shot.

So next time you're out shooting think of how the light is affecting your subject. It is vitally important, for light is everything in photography. The more you start to think about the light when taking photos the better you photos will be.

Landscapes and Inner peace

When I first got into Photography all those years ago, it was the awesome beauty of nature that got me hooked. Wether it was some snaps of a Greek Island on holiday or some morning landscape shots taken back in the UK- it was the serene beauty and tranquility of nature that started me on the road to running my own photography business.

There is something so powerful and awe inspiring about the natural world that gets you hooked, I dont know if its primeval or just some good old fashioned peace and quiet - but deep down it resonates and remains with you.

Maybe its something that is missing in our modern day lives, living in our concrete castles and far removed from the natural world that sustains and supports us. So busy are we "making ends meet" that we rarely get a chance to stop and look at the world around us- but stop and look we must.

There is a serious disconnect in the way a lot of people live their lives in the modern world. Anxiety and Depression are more prevalent than they have ever been - Im not saying for one minute that a daily dose of nature will cure all ills, but what it does is give people a sense of place and peace, furthermore it helps people to think outside of themselves and create an enlarged focus.

Our lives have become so complex and multi-layered that all too often people feel constantly overwhelmed and helpless to stop the tide of so called progress. Getting back to what is natural and uncomplicated  even for a short while, helps bring a sense of peace and serenity to a stressed out mind. "Time Out" is imperative for a healthy existence.

Even though my business has expanded to being primarily focused in Portraiture and Architectural Photography, I make sure that I devote time to getting out at the crack of dawn to shoot the sublime sunrises on Sydneys Northern Beaches,  to getting out into the awesome country NSW and loosing myself for a day or two - to get back to where it all began and as a matter of course press the refresh button on my life.

Tips for Beginners Portrait Photography

A portrait made of superior quality always leaves a good impression. The same is with a portrait projecting and capturing the right emotions, feelings and character. Tips to achieve good quality photo portraits will enhance your knowledge on portrait photography. Although good quality portraits are an outcome of experience and art there are certain guidelines that allow you to improve on your skills quickly.

1.Background

A passive background is the essence of any photograph that has a person as its central attraction, so that the interest from the central object is not taken away. Portrait photography focuses on the face of the person. Therefore it becomes necessary to take photos within a neutral backdrop. By good background one basically means background that has soft and solid colors. A busy road with people in motion is not considered as good backgrounds.

2. A Blurring effect

The best way to draw the viewers' attention to the object would be to blur the details of the background. This will help the object to standout from the background. Making the background blur is very simple and just needs setting up the camera depth of the field. This can be done with the use of a zoom lens and by shooting at a short distance with the help of a broad aperture manual setup. easier with single portraiture than with group shots though, as you need a certain f stop 8-11 usually to capture all people in focus in the group - which renders a blurred background nigh on impossible in camera ( can be blurred using photoshop in post production).

A face consists of many features the eyes, the nose, the lips etc. Which part of the face do you think is important to focus on? Obviously the eyes, because the eyes is the window to ones mind and emotions. Focusing on the eyes will project the feelings better. Make your subject look straight into the camera or even sideways would do, this certainly depends on what you are trying to project or convey through the photography.

3.Lighting

Natural lighting should be used wherever possible. It is the best solution for capturing the full range of color as well as the skin warmth. So photographs must be taken outdoors during daytime. The object must be positioned in such a way that the object is hit by the sunlight from the sides as you will get only a silhouette. Never take photographs when the sun is behind a. object, as this will lead to overexposure and distortion of color.

4.Experiment

Experiment with a digital camera as the film cost here works out to literally zero. So experimenting will help you to make the required adjustments and thus help you to get the perfect shots.

Better Photography - 10 tips

Getting a great picture is not difficult. While a great camera is good to have, these pictures can be attained with just an inexpensive one too. The following ten tips are going to help get much better pictures:

Tip 1 - Space

The subject of the picture can either encompass the whole frame or can be used with a subtle background as long as there is nothing in the background that detracts from the picture.

Tip 2 - Form

The form of the subject of the picture is the most important aspect of it. Find the best light and way to shoot the subject to get the most out of it.

Tip 3 - Action

There should never be fake action in a still picture. Keep the action out and use the horizon in either the upper or lower part of the frame.

Tip 4 - Contrast

Black and white pictures are so striking because of the contrast. The same goes for colors, look for contrasting colors to really set the picture apart from the rest.

Tip 5 - Distance

Get up to the focus of the picture. Standing too far away is going to render a pixilated picture that can't be blown up.

Tip 6 - The Shutter Lagging

Those who use a non digitized camera really do not have this issue. With all the advances in high definition cameras, they still have not been made to avoid shutter lag. This is when the picture is being shot and the shutter needs time to close. Set up your shot for a second or two before you want to take it to avoid this issue.

Tip 7 - Pan

Panning is simply moving the camera with an action shot. This is vital when the subject is in motion to get the feel of movement with a subject that is still.

Tip 8 - Shooting Continually

A camera that can take shot after shot without stopping is a great investment because you can get second by second shots to choose from.

Tip 9 - Shots in the Dark

Taking shots in the dark is all about lighting. If the lighting is correct, the results are going to be stunning. Try using different colored lights in combinations with white lights to really get the subject to pop.

Tip 10 - Read the Manual

Know how to use your camera. Each camera offers its own unique functions that can offer variations on photographs. Learn what the camera can do before you use it.

Preparation for a photo shoot

One of the things that Im most often asked about Photoshoots by clients, is:


 "What should we wear" ?


while there is no one definitive answer to this question, but some rough guidelines to help clients get the best from their shoot and of course that includes great images. So I've put together a few notes that may help people decide on whats best for their family to wear on the day of the shoot itself and a few other tips !

Preparing for the Photo-shoot - Family Portraits / Corporate Portraits

In order to prepare for the photo shoot as best we can, we offer a free initial consultation (this will usually take place prior to the day of the shoot), so we can get to know you a little better and to find out what type of shot you are looking for, wether it be a formal corporate shoot or a laugh with the kids down at the beach. If possible we will visit you in your home/business so we can get a feel for the type of shot you are looking for, we also ask you to have a think where in your home you want to place the artwork/ what the corporate shots are to be used for, as this will have a significant bearing on the type/location of the photo-shoot.

What to wear for the shoot itself? –Family

Depending on what type of shot you are looking for will determine what you should wear on the day of the shoot, this can be determined at the initial consultation, however you should always wear something that is comfortable and feel good in. Try not to wear distracting spots or stripes, it is unnecessary to have everyone dressed the same ( unless you really want to), we feel that clothes help to bring out an individuals personality. As a general rule of thumb for Family shoots,smart casual clothes are great, the guys always look good in a collared top, the ladies  in flattering flowing dresses and the kids in bright colours, try not to dress the kids in something too new as they never need another excuse to fidget. Don't worry too much about what to wear, often the simplest outfits work best.

What to wear for the shoot itself? - Corporate

For Corporates, you may not have to look further than business attire, however, if you have more scope we will discuss possibilities at the initial meeting and work out what is best to reflect the image you wish to portray.

Hair/Make up

You might want to consider getting your hair and/or make up done for the shoot, but not to go over the top as we find looking as natural as possible always works best, again whatever you are comfortable with and used to. Maybe get the kids to have a trim if they are looking a bit straggely, but again we find that as natural as possible works best. Also bear in mind that we can re-touch any blemishes post production.

What else ?

If your Portrait shoot involves children, there are a couple of extra things we ask you consider:

If you have really young children please schedule your shoot well away from nap times, there is nothing more impossible that trying to get a smile from an overtired toddler.

Bring something the kids can play with along to the shoot, a favourite toy or some other distraction

Please also arrive a little early so the kids can get comfortable in the presence of the photographer thus enabling a smoother shoot, which will result in better/more natural pictures.

What to expect at the shoot itself ? - Family

You will spend between 60 - 90mins on location/at home with the photographer having fun and capturing beautiful photos. The length of the shoot will be dependant on wether the photographer is happy with the quality of the shots captured. David has over 15 years experience behind the lens and is very relaxed and easy going. All you need to do yourself is relax, enjoy the shoot and look forward to great family images that will last a lifetime.

Preparing for Market - Saturday 5th March ( Mosman, North shore)

Getting things ready for next weeks Market stall at Mosman Village on Saturday 5th March. 


In addition to some great new photographs and the  usual mounted and framing service for Landscape prints, new for 2011 David Madden Photography will be selling Mini-landscapes printed on blank gift cards - for all occasions.


We decided to add these to the markets stall after a trial period at the end of 2010 and some great feedback.


So thats Mosman, Sydney ( behind the Council Offices) on Saturday 5th March from 8 am - 3pm (ish)

Hope to see you there - please come over and say Hi ! Hoping for great weather and a good turnout for what will probably be the last market of Summer

Better Portrait Photography

We all love to look at stunning portraits. The subject may be our friends, family members, a model or a perfect stranger. A well taken portrait tells us stories, creates some mystery or brings out some memories. A good portrait also reveals the true personality of someone. So how to take a good portrait? Below are some great tips.

1. Background factor: Background plays a vital role to a portrait. As you know, portrait is all about someone's face. So it is important to have a background which is not interfering with the subject. Simpler and less cluttered background works better for portrait. However, sometimes surroundings may need to be considered to bring out the personality of the subject. 

For example, if you are taking the photo of a Lawyer, you may like to do it in his office where you may see stacks of legal books or references. Including them in the background will be a good idea. However, it may not have to be prominent. Make them blurred or dimmed by focusing on the object itself. Same applies to almost all sorts of portraits. 

In most of the cases, it is a good idea to blur the background. This can be accomplished by using a wide aperture manual setting. 

2. Light factor: If you have the chance to take the portrait in Natural light, you have the best chance to get the great natural look with the natural colors' and skin tones. However shooting outdoor may be tricky as you may not be able to control the light in most of the situations. 

Make sure that you don't keep the object right in front of the Sun or don't keep the Sun right in front of the object. These may cause unwanted brightness or deep shadow. Shooting in mid day also may be avoided as much as possible. For best results, position the object such a way that Sun light falls on it from the side. You may also use reflectors or external flash to light up some parts of the face. 

3. Aperture: Try different apertures. A wide open aperture (with a lower number) will blur the background and make the subject stand out. A smaller aperture (with a higher number) will make the whole scene come into better focus. Typically f/2.0 - 5.0 is good for Portraits or f/8-11 for groups of people.

4. Focus: When taking portraits, your focus should be your subjects eyes. They should always be in sharp focus, even if the rest of the face is blurring due to extremely shallow depth of field. It's not always a smiling face which makes a good portrait. Try different expressions on a face while keeping focus on eyes.

5. Getting the right angle and pose: Pose and angel of body and face plays a key role too. Looking straight to the Camera with motion less expression can be boring. Try to flare up the portraits with some twist. May be it is an inviting smile, an interesting expression, a flamboyant look, tilting the chin down or up, turning the head back while walking forward, sitting and looking up etc. Experiment with poses and you will get some great Portraits.

6. Make the subject comfortable: In order for the Portrait to look natural and in order to bring out the true personality of your subject, you must make the subject  comfortable and easy. He or she must feel at home in order to be free and spontaneous. Make sure you spend some time with your subject before starting the shoot in order to know him/her better and also make him/her comfortable. Also don't forget to smile and make some jokes or talk about something which interests the person your are photographing.

7. Take lot of shots: It's the digital age. Unlike the conventional film shooting, your digital photos cost nothing. So why not shoot as many as you can with as many angles, poses and expressions from your model as you can. Shoot inside, go out, walk around and shoot, sit in the park and shoot, change outfits, change makeup apply all the creativity and options. Keep shooting. 

8. Get high or get low: Taking portrait is not always shooting at the eye level. Positioning the camera high or low while keeping the focus on eyes brings out interesting features and add different flavors to the portraits. So ask the subject to sit, stand up, climb up the steps and shoot. Or you go high, climb up or position your camera high and shoot. You will have more and more interesting options.